1. Aristotle- His individual contributions to science, logic, and
humanities might be overrated individually; but collectively they are
significant.
2. Archimedes- Greek Mathematician, physicist, engineer, and astronomer.
3. Pythagoras- Philosopher, astronomer, geometer. often considered the first to propose or popularize the notion of a spherical Earth.
4. Claudius Ptolemy- Greek mathematician, astronomer, geographer. Most notable work was his Almagest. Lived in Alexandria, wrote in Koine Greek and held Roman citizenship (according to Wikipedia.)
5. Eratosthenes- Made a measure of the Earth's circumference
6. Hipparchus- noted Greek scholar in Trigonometry; the invention of the Astrolabe is often attributed to him
7. Theophrastus- Botany
8. Euclid- A Greek geometer
9. Hippocrates-
10. Diophantus- noted Alexandrian Greek scholar in the field of Algebra
HONORARY MENTIONS:
Apollonius of Perga- Greek geometer and astronomer and Greek scholar in the field of conics.
Menelaus of Alexandria- Greek astronomer and mathemetician.
Aristarchos of Samos- (astronomy)
Megasthenes- An ethnic Greek Indologist
Hero of Alexandria- Greek mathemetician and engineer. Often said to have invented the wind-wheel.
Plutarch- Historian, wrote "Plutarch's lives" and "Rise of Rome"
Sophocles- Greek playwright
Pedanius Dioscorides- Greco-Roman pharmocologist
Galen- Greco-Roman scholar in the field of medicine
Xenophon of Athens- Greek historian, soldier, and mercenary.
Philo of Byzantium- Greek engineer and writer on mechanics
Thucydides- Greek historian and general.
Dionysius of Halicarnassus- Another of the more notable Greek historians.
Soranus
of Ephesus-Greek gynecologist. But let it also be noted that the Greeks
got a lot of their medicine from the Egyptian Papyruses.
Demosthenes- Greek statesman and orator
Paul of Aegina (Byzantine)- noted medieval surgeon
John Philoponus- (Byzantine, unclear extraction)- Wrote a critique of
Aristotle long before Ibn Sina or Galileo did. Marginalized in his
own time; hence why he is even less famous than the Arab scholars.
Thales of Miletus-
Solon- Athenian statesman
Pericles-Athenian Statesman
Aeschylus- A Greek playwright (often considered a father of tragedy), though only 7 of his plays are still intact (and the authorship of these is often disputed as well).
Euripedes- Another Greek playwright in the field of tragedy. Perhaps 18 of his plays are still intact.
Euphorion- Son of Euripides; it is not certain if any of his plays are still around. Often speculated to be author of the play "Prometheus bound".
Pyrrh- Perhaps the founder of Greek skepticism
Sextus Empiricus- Greco-Roman scholar in the field of skepticism
Polybius- Greek historian who studied the second Punic war.
Cassius Dio- A Greco-Roman scholar from Bythinia and historian.
Strabo- Greco-Roman geographer. Did other fields (such as geology,
philosophy, and history) though I am not sure if those works survived in
their entirety. I'd say his geography was rediscovered in the
Catholic west around 1469.
Crates of Mallus- Stoic philosopher and grammarian, though lots of his
work has been lost. But he is often said to have made the first globe
of the Earth.
Crates bay in Antarctica is named after him.
Appollonius Dyscolus- Greek Grammarian, some of his works have actually survived in their completion.
Aretaeus
of Cappadocia- A greek medical scholar. I don't think he was
rediscovered in the west until 1552 though (by which his medical work
was probably superseded IMO).
Chrysippus- Stoic philosopher in ethics and logic. His logic was
either mostly lost or not that influential in the west until the 19th
century. Stoic logic was marginalized in favor of Aristotlean logic;
though stoic logic was perhaps and influence on muslim logicinas such as
Al-Farabi.
Posidonius- Noted Greek polymath, a
respected source on his day, particularly in reference to study of the
celts. His works have been lost though.
Selueucus of Selucia- Greek astronomer; also proposed a heliocentric thesis.
Appian- Greco-Roman scholar, thought not all of his histories have survived.
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And of course, Greek and Greco-Roman philosophers such as:
Socrates
Zeno of Citium- Founder of stoicism
Epicurus- Epicurean hedonism. Good philosopher though
Diogenes- More or less the most noted Cynic; and one of my favorites.
Epictetus- More or less the most noted stoic philosopher
Panaetius- stoic philosopher
Antisthenes- Arguably the founder of cynic philosophy
